![]() ![]() Concomitant pathological changes became time dependently more pronounced in these tissues. We found that SD could trigger tear-film, ocular-surface and lacrimal gland changes within 2 days. In the current study, we implemented an SD mouse model to determine if there is an association between changes in the ocular surface system and sleep deficiency. However, the cause-and-effect relationship between sleep deficiency and ocular surface health remain elusive, and the underlying mechanism is lacking. 18, 19 This corresponding effect of dry eye therapeutics on sleep quality suggests that a healthy ocular surface may produce a positive feedback on sleep. 17, 18 By contrast, after treating these dry eye patients with hyaluronate, a mucin secretagogue and a steroid, their sleep quality improved. 16 This association is consistent with the greater prevalence of sleep disorders among dry eye patients. 15 In a survey of a large Korean adult population, increases in dry eye symptom incidence were associated with declines in sleep duration. 14 A recent study of a group of healthy young male volunteers found that staying up all night could induce tear hyperosmolarity and reduce tear secretion. A retrospective study of a United States veteran-affairs population found that sleep apnea was associated with an increased risk of dry eye. Recently, sleep-deficiency-induced eye problems have drawn much attention in both the public and medical domains. 12 Moreover, sleep deprivation (SD) is also associated with declines in the health-related quality of life. Numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep deficiency is associated with an increased risk of various diseases, including diabetes, 4 obesity, 5 hypertension, 6 cardiovascular disease, 7 psychiatric illness, 8 substance abuse, 9 pregnancy complications, 10 depression 11 and neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments. 2, 3 Sleep deficiency has become a common public health problem in the world. Nearly 30% of adults and 60% of adolescents in the United States fail to obtain sufficient amounts of sleep. However, sleep deficiency, resulting from shortened sleep duration, irregular timing of sleep, poor sleep quality and sleep/circadian disorders, is highly prevalent in present-day society. 1 It is well accepted that high-quality sleep is requisite for optimal human health and performance. Sleep is a ubiquitous and fundamental biological requirement of all animals. These findings will benefit the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sleep-disorder-related ocular surface diseases. We conclude that SD compromises lacrimal system function and induces dry eye. Furthermore, the ocular surface changes induced by SD for 10 days were largely reversed after 14 days of rest. Meanwhile, lacrimal gland hypertrophy along with abnormal lipid metabolites, secretory proteins and free amino-acid profiles became apparent as the SD duration increased. ![]() However, there was no obvious corneal inflammation and conjunctival goblet cell change after SD for 10 days. These pathological changes mimic the typical features of dry eye. We found that SD decreased aqueous tear secretion increased corneal epithelial cell defects, corneal sensitivity, and apoptosis and induced squamous metaplasia of the corneal epithelium. In this study, we established a sleep deprivation (SD) mouse model using a ‘stick over water’ method and observed the effect of sleep deficiency on ocular surface health. Sleep deficiency is a common public health problem associated with many diseases, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. ![]()
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